Straight Vegetable Oil SVO as Diesel replacement fuel
- SVO - straight vegetable oil used as diesel fuel (usually new oil, fresh, uncooked) PPO - pure plant oils, same as SVO: PPO is the term most often used in Europe
- WVO - waste vegetable oil (used cooking oil, "grease", fryer oil, probably including animal fats or fish oils from the cooking)
- UCO - used cooking oil (what we called it in the first place until everyone started calling it WVO, even if it wasn't necessarily all vegetable)
Quality Standard for Rapeseed Oil
| Quality Standard for Rapeseed Oil as a Fuel (RK-Qualitätsstandard) |
|
Properties /Contents
|
Unit
|
Limiting Value
|
Testing Method
|
|
min.
|
max.
|
|
Characteristic properties for Rapeseed 0il
|
| Density (15ºC) |
kg/m3
|
900
|
930
|
DIN EN ISO 3675
DIN EN ISO 12185 |
Flash Point
by P.-M. |
ºC
|
220
|
-
|
DIN EN 22719 |
| Calorific Value |
kJ/kg
|
35000
|
-
|
DIN 51900-3 |
| Kinematic Viscosity (40ºC) |
mm2/S
|
-
|
38
|
DIN EN ISO 3104 |
| Low Temperature Behaviour |
-
|
-
|
-
|
Rotational Viscometer (testing conditions will be developed) |
| Cetane Number |
-
|
-
|
-
|
Testing method will be reviewed |
| Carbon Residue |
Mass-%
|
-
|
0.40
|
DIN EN ISO 10370 |
| Iodine Number |
g/100 g
|
100
|
120
|
DIN 53241-1 |
| Sulphur Content |
mg/kg
|
-
|
20
|
ASTM D5453-93 |
|
Variable properties
|
| Contamination |
mg/kg
|
-
|
25
|
DIN EN 12662 |
| Acid Value |
mg KOH/g
|
-
|
2.0
|
DIN EN ISO 660 |
| Oxidation Stability (110ºC) |
h
|
5.0
|
-
|
IS0 6886 |
| Phosphorus Content |
mg/kg
|
-
|
15
|
ASTM D3231-99 |
| Ash Content |
Mass-%
|
-
|
0.01
|
DIN EN ISO 6245 |
| Water Content |
Mass-%
|
-
|
0.075
|
pr EN ISO 12937 |
Abteilung Technologie nachwachsender Rohstoffe /
Arbeitsgruppe Pflanzenöle
Department of Technology, regenerating raw materials /
Working Group On Vegetable Oils
Dr. Bernhard Widmann
LTV-Work-Session on Decentral Vegetable Oil Production, Weihenstephan
http://dec2.tec.agrar.tu-muenchen.de/pflanzoel/rkstandard_e.html
See also: Vegetable oil standard: comments by Elsbett Technology
| Comparison of properties of diesel, canola oil and commercial US biodiesel |
| . |
Diesel
Canola Oil
|
Biodiesel
|
| Density kgL-1 @ 15.5 deg C |
0.84
0.92
|
0.88
|
| Calorific value MJL-1 |
38.3
36.9
|
33-40
|
| Viscosity mm2s-1 @ 20 deg C |
4-5
70
|
4-6
|
| Viscosity mm2s-1 @ 40 deg C |
4-5
37
|
4-6
|
| Viscosity mm2s-1 @ 70 deg C |
-
10
|
-
|
| Cetane number |
45
40-50
|
45-65
|
From "Waste Vegetable Oil as a Diesel Replacement Fuel" by Phillip Calais, Environmental Science, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia, and A.R. (Tony) Clark, Western Australian Renewable Fuels Association Inc.
http://www.shortcircuit.com.au/warfa/paper/paper.htm
1. Sims, R. Yields, Costs and Availability of Natural Oils/Fats as Diesel Fuel Substitutes, Report No LF2021 for the Liquid Fuels Trust Board, Wellington (NZ) 1982
2. Environment Australia (National Heritage Trust) (2000b). Setting National Fuel Quality Standards – Paper 2 - Proposed Standards for Fuel Parameters (Petrol and Diesel), Canberra
3. Beer, T., Grant, T., Brown, R., Edwards, J., Nelson, P., Watson, H., Williams, D. (2000) Life-Cycle Emission Analysis of Alternative Fuels for Heavy Vehicles. CSIRO, Australia
Cetane numbers
Cetane numbers rate the ignition properties of diesel fuels, just as octane numbers determine the quality and value of gasoline (petrol). It's a measure of a fuel's willingness to ignite when it's compressed. The higher the cetane number, the more efficient the fuel. Biodiesel has a higher cetane number than petrodiesel because of its oxygen content.
From the Lubrizol Corporation:
http://www.lubrizol.com/DieselEngines/default.asp
Ignition Quality or Cetane Number -- This factor influences ease of starting, duration of white smoking after start-up, drivability before warm-up and intensity of diesel knock at idle. Studies have correlated ignition quality with all regulated emissions. As ignition delay is reduced, the combustion process starts earlier and emissions (primarily carbon monoxide and hydrocarbons) are reduced.
Ignition delay is measured by the Cetane Number (CN) test (ASTM D 613), which uses a single-cylinder, variable compression ratio engine analogous to the Octane Number engine. In this case, the ignition delay of the test fuel is measured at a fixed compression ratio. This result is compared with the results from standard reference fuels consisting of blends of n-cetane and heptamethylnonane.
Diesel engines vary widely in their cetane requirements, and there is no commonly recognized way to measure this value. In general, the lower an engine's operating speed, the lower the CN of the fuel it can use. Large marine engines can tolerate fuels with CNs as low as 20, while some manufacturers of high-speed passenger car diesel engines specify 55 CN fuel.
National standards for biodiesel
| Comparison of different national standards for biodiesel |
| - |
Europe
Austria
Czech Republic
France
Germany
Italy
Sweden
USA
|
Australia
|
Standard /
Specification |
EN 14214
ON C1191
CSN 65 6507
Journal Officiel
DIN V 51606
UNI 10635
SS 155436
ASTM D-6751
|
Fuel Standard (Biodiesel) Determination
|
| Date |
2003
July 1997
Sep 1998
Sep 1997
Sep 1997
April 1997
Nov 1996
Jan
2002
|
Sept 2003
|
| Application |
FAME
FAME
RME
VOME
FAME
VOME
VOME
FAMAE
|
-
|
Density
15°C g/cm |
0.86 -0.90
0.85 - 0.89
0.87 - 0.89
0.87 - 0.90
0.875 - 0.90
0.86 -0.90
0.87 - 0.90
-
|
860 to 890 kg/m3
|
| Viscos. 40°C mm2/s |
3.5-5.0
3.5-5.0
3.5-5.0
3.5-5.0
3.5-5.0
3.5-5.0
3.5-5.0
1.9-6.0
|
3.5-5.0
|
Distillat.
95% °C |
-
-
-
<360
-
<360
-
90% @ 360°C
|
<360
|
| Flashpoint °C |
>120
>100
>110
>100
>110
>100
>100
>130 (150 av.)
|
>120
|
CFPP °C
(cold filter plugging point) |
*country specific
0/-15
-5
-
0/-10/-20
-
-5
-
|
-
|
| Pour point °C |
-
-
-
<-10
-
<0/
<-15
-
-
|
-
|
Sulfur
% mass |
<10 mg/kg
<0.02
<0.02
-
<0.01
<0.01
<0.001
<0.05
|
50 mg/kg (max)
10 mg/kg (max) (from 1 Feb 2006)
|
CCR 100%
% mass |
-
<0.05
<0.05
-
<0.05
-
-
-
|
-
|
10% dist. resid.
% mass |
<0.3
-
-
<0.3
-
<0.5
-
-
|
-
|
Sulfated ash
% mass |
<0.02
<0.02
<0.02
-
<0.03
-
-
<0.02
|
<0.02
|
(Oxid) Ash
% mass |
-
-
-
-
-
<0.01
<0.01
-
|
-
|
| Water mg/kg |
<500
-
<500
<200
<300
<700
<300
<0.05% vol. (water & sediment)
|
<0.05% vol
(water & sediment)
|
| Total contam. mg/kg |
<24
-
<24
-
<20
-
<20
-
|
<24
|
| Cu-Corros. 3h/50°C |
1
-
1
-
1
-
-
<No.3
|
<10 mg/kg sulfur Class 1 (max)
>10 mg/kg sulfur No. 3 (max)
|
| Oxidation stability hrs;110°C |
6 hours min
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
|
6 hours min
|
| Cetane No. |
>51
>49
>48
>49
>49
-
>48
>47
|
>51
|
Neutral. No.
(Acid value) mgKOH/g |
<0.5
<0.8
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.6
<0.8
|
<0.8
|
Methanol
% mass |
<0.20
<0.20
-
<0.1
<0.3
<0.2
<0.2
-
|
<0.2
|
Ester content
% mass |
>96.5
-
-
>96.5
-
>98
>98
-
|
>96.5
|
Monoglyceride.
% mass |
<0.8
-
-
<0.8
<0.8
<0.8
<0.8
-
|
-
|
Diglyceride
% mass |
<0.2
-
-
<0.2
<0.4
<0.2
<0.1
-
|
-
|
Triglyceride
% mass |
<0.2
-
-
<0.2
<0.4
<0.1
<0.1
-
|
-
|
Free glycerol
% mass |
<0.02
<0.02
<0.02
<0.02
<0.02
<0.05
<0.02
<0.02
|
<0.02
|
Total glycerol
% mass |
<0.25
<0.24
<0.24
<0.25
<0.25
-
-
<0.24
|
<0.25
|
| Iodine No. |
<120
<120
-
<115
<115
-
<125
-
|
-
|
| Linolenic acid ME %mass |
<12
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
|
-
|
C18:3 and high. unsat.acids
% mass |
-
<15
-
-
-
-
-
-
|
-
|
| C(x:4) & greater unsaturated esters % mass |
<1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
|
-
|
Phosphor
mg/kg |
<10
<20
<20
<10
<10
<10
<10
<0.001% mass
|
<10
|
| Ramsbottom carbon residue, % mass |
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
0.10
|
-
|
| Carbon residue |
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
<0.050% by mass
|
<0.30% mass (10% distillation residue)
<0.050% mass (100% distillation sample)
|
| Gp I metals (Na,K) mg/kg |
<5
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
|
<5
|
| Gp II metals (Ca,Mg) mg/kg |
<5
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
|
<5
|
Alkalinity mg/kg |
-
-
<10
<5
<5
-
<10
-
|
-
|
RME: Rapeseed oil methyl ester
FAME: Fatty acid methyl ester
VOME: Vegetable oil methyl ester
FAMAE: Fatty acid mono alkyl ester
US standard -- D6751-02 Standard Specification for Biodiesel Fuel (B100) Blend Stock for Distillate Fuels. Download from the ASTM site, costs $30 (pdf):
http://www.astm.org/cgi-bin/SoftCart.exe/STORE/
filtrexx40.cgi?U+mystore+mofc8213+-L+D6751+/usr6/
htdocs/astm.org/DATABASE.CART/PAGES/D6751.htm
EU standard -- DIN EN 14214, Publication date:2003-11 Automotive fuels - Fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) for diesel engines - Requirements and test methods. Order from Beuth Verlag GmbH ("search" for "EN 14214")
http://www.beuth.de/index_en.php
CEN Diesel Fuel Specification (EN 590:1993):
http://journeytoforever.org/energiaweb/en590en.htm
Australian standard:
http://www.deh.gov.au/atmosphere/biodiesel/index.html
Standards and the homebrewer:
"Most of the standards can be met simply by preparing and washing the fuel well," says Todd Swearingen of Appal Energy.
Standard testing:
Biodiesel fuel testing for the US ASTM D-6751 standard:
Analytical Testing Services, Inc.
http://wetestit.com/
Harris Testing Laboratories, Inc.
http://www.harristestinglab.com/quote/d6751.htm
Fuel properties of fats and oils
| Fuel-related properties and iodine values of various fats and oils |
| Oil or Fat |
Iodine Value
CN
|
HG (kJ/kg)
|
Viscosity (mm 2/s)
|
CP (deg C)
PP (deg C)
|
FP (deg C)
|
| Babassu |
10-18
38
|
-
|
-
|
-
-
|
-
|
| Castor |
82-88
?
|
39500
|
297 (38 C)
|
-
-31.7
|
260
|
| Coconut |
6-12
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
-
|
-
|
| Corn |
103-140
37.6
|
39500
|
34.9 (38 C)
|
-1.1
-40.0
|
277
|
| Cottonseed |
90-119
41.8
|
39468
|
33.5 (38 C)
|
1.7
-15.0
|
234
|
| Crambe |
93
44.6
|
40482
|
53.6 (38 C)
|
10.0
-12.2
|
274
|
| Linseed |
168-204
34.6
|
39307
|
27.2 (38 C)
|
1.7
-15.0
|
241
|
| Olive |
75-94
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
-
|
-
|
| Palm |
35-61
42
|
-
|
-
|
-
-
|
-
|
| Peanut |
80-106
41.8
|
39782
|
39.6 (38 C)
|
12.8
-6.7
|
271
|
| Rapeseed |
94-120
37.6
|
39709
|
37.0 (38 C)
|
-3.9
-31.7
|
246
|
| Safflower |
126-152
41.3
|
39519
|
31.3 (38 C)
|
18.3
-6.7
|
260
|
| High-oleic safflower |
90-100
49.1
|
39516
|
41.2 (38 C)
|
-12.2
-20.6
|
293
|
| Sesame |
104-120
40.2
|
39349
|
35.5 (38 C)
|
-3.9
-9.4
|
260
|
| Soybean |
117-143
37.9
|
39623
|
32.6 (38 C)
|
-3.9
-12.2
|
254
|
| Sunflower |
110-143
37.1
|
39575
|
37.1 (38 C)
|
7.2
-15.0
|
274
|
| Tallow |
35-48
-
|
40054
|
51.15 (40 C)
|
-
-
|
201
|
| No. 2 DF |
-
47
|
45343
|
2.7 (38 C)
|
-15.0
-33.0
|
52
|
CN = cetane number; CP = cloud point, PP = pour point, FP = flash point.
Iodine values combined from Applewhite, T.H., in Kirk-Othmer, Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology; Third Ed.; John-Wiley & Sons: New York, NY, 1980, Vol. 9; pp. 795-811; and Gunstone, F.D.; Harwood, J.L.; Padley, F.B. Lipid Handbook; Second Ed.; Chapman & Hall: London, 1994.
Fuel properties from Goering, C.E.; Schwab, A.W.; Daugherty, M.J.; Pryde, E.H.; Heakin, A.J. Trans. ASAE 1982, 25, 1472-1477 & 1483.
All tallow values from Ali, Y.; Hanna, M.A.; Cuppett, S.L. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 1995, 72, 1557-1564 (no CN given, calcd. cetane index 40.15).
(From: Biodiesel: The Use of Vegetable Oils and Their Derivatives as Alternative Diesel Fuels, G. Knothe, R.O. Dunn, and M.O. Bagby, in Fuels and Chemicals from Biomass, Washington, D.C.: American Chemical Society. Download full-text article:
Fuel properties of esters
| Fuel-related physical properties of esters of oils and fats |
Ester
CN
HG
(kJ/kg)
|
Viscosity
(mm2/s)
|
CP
(deg C)
PP
(deg C)
|
FP 1
(deg C)
|
|
Methyl
|
| Cottonseed 2
51.2
-
|
6.8 (21deg )
|
-
-4
|
110
|
| Rapeseed 3
54.4
40449
|
6.7 (40deg )
|
-2
-9
|
84
|
| Safflower 4
49.8
40060
|
-
|
-
-6
|
180
|
| Soybean 5
46.2
39800
|
4.08 (40deg )
|
2
-1
|
171
|
| Sunflower 6
46.6
39800
|
4.22 (40deg )
|
0
-4
|
-
|
| Tallow 7
-
39949
|
4.11 (40deg )
|
12
9
|
96
|
|
Ethyl
|
| Palm 8
56.2
39070
|
4.5 (37.8deg )
|
8
6
|
19
|
| Soybean 5
48.2
40000
|
4.41 (40deg )
|
1
-4
|
174
|
| Tallow 9
-
-
|
-
|
15
12
|
-
|
CN = cetane number; CP = cloud point, PP = pour point, FP = flash point.
1. Some flash points are very low. These may be typographical errors in the references or the materials may have contained residual alcohols.
2. Geyer, S.M.; Jacobus, M.J.; Lestz, S.S. Trans. ASAE 1984, 27, 375-381.
3. Peterson, C.L.; Korus, R.A; Mora, P.G.; Madsen, J.P. Trans. ASAE, 1987, 30, 28-35.
4. Isiiguer, A.; Karaosmanolu, F.; Aksoy, H.A.; Hamdallahpur, F.; Guelder, oe.L. Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol. 1994, 45-46, 93-102.
5. Bagby, M.O. In Proc. 9th Int. Conf. Jojoba Uses, 3rd Int. Conf. New Industr. Crops Prod.; Princen, L.H., Rossi, C., Eds.; Assoc. Advancem. Industr. Crops. publ. 1996; pp. 220-224.
6. Kaufman, K.R.; Ziejewski, M. Trans. ASAE 1984, 27, 1626-1633.
7. Ali, Y.; Hanna, M.A.; Cuppett, S.L. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 1995, 72, 1557-1564.
8. Avella, F.; Galtieri, A.; Fiumara, A. Riv. Combust. 1992, 46, 181-188.
9. Nelson, L.A.; Foglia, T.A.; Dunn, R.O.; Marmer, W.N. submitted for publication.
-- From: Biodiesel: The Use of Vegetable Oils and Their Derivatives as Alternative Diesel Fuels, G. Knothe, R.O. Dunn, and M.O. Bagby, in Fuels and Chemicals from Biomass. Washington, D.C.: American Chemical Society. Download full-text article:
© Copyright Keith Addison http://journeytoforever.org
|
